THE torsional instability of a column is most likely to occur with open-section columns such as channels and Z-sections as they are very inefficient in resisting torsion. For calculating the torsional strength of open-section columns there is a general lack of information and few experimental checks on predicted values are available.
Torsional Column Strength of Thinned-Walled Open Sections
A Mechanical Method of Calculating the Torsional Bending Constant for a Rolled Z-Section Stringer
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