Guidelines representing generally accepted standards for adequate emergency medical service (EMS) transportation are presented. The guidelines specify the inclusion of the following elements: ground-basic life support elements, ground-advanced life support elements, air transport (helicopters, fixed wing aircraft, watercraft), and snowmobiles. The primary response system refers to vehicles and emergency personnel who transport a victim from the scene of an emergency incident to a primary treatment facility. The secondary response system refers to vehicles which transfer patients to comprehensive or specialized facilities after resuscitative measures have been applied and initial care has been provided at a local receiving hospital. The inadequacy of prehospital EMS is discussed, and the status of EMS transportation is assessed based on a review of 37 statewide surveys of ambulance purveyors conducted between 1965 and 1971. Consideration is given to the integration of EMS transportation with other EMS components. Such components include manpower, training, communications, transportation, facilities, critical care units, public safety agencies, consumer participation, accessibility to care, patient transfer, standard medical recordkeeping, public information and education, evaluation, disaster, and mutual aid agreements. The guidelines are concerned with national standards for EMS transportation, ambulance organizational structure, types of ambulance vehicles, advanced life support (mobile intensive care units), special vehicles, allied EMS vehicular services, ambulance location, financing, and legislation and medico-legal aspects of EMS transportation. A list of references, a glossary, and an annotated bibliography are included.


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    Transportation and Emergency Services

    Shepherd, Kristen E. / Baird, Malcolm E. / Abkowitz, Mark et al. | Transportation Research Record | 2006



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