Abstract The paper reviews the efforts to represent the global and temporal variations of the ionospheric ion composition in the altitude range from 100 km to 1000 km. We list the ground and space data sets that have been collected for the ion densities over the past decades. Empirical models are discussed including models for the densities and compositions of O+, H+, He+, O2 +, and NO+ ions, and for the characteristic transition heights from light ions to atomic oxygen ions and from atomic oxygen ions to molecular ions. The status of the ion composition model in the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is reviewed and shortcomings are pointed out. Possible improvements of IRI with the help of recent modeling studies are summarized.
Empirical modeling of ion composition in the middle and topside ionosphere
Advances in Space Research ; 10 , 11 ; 47-56
01.01.1990
10 pages
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
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